What is attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. 

Symptoms of ADHD

Children with ADHD have difficulty:

• Paying attention in school

• Focusing on tasks at home or in the classroom

• Staying organized 

• Waiting their turn

• Avoiding interruptions in conversations

• Managing restlessness or excessive (hyperactive) movement

• Listening to instructions 

• Fidgeting

What causes ADHD in children?

The cause of ADHD is a combination of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors. 

• Genetics: ADHD runs in families. 

• Brain anatomy: Lower activity levels in brain regions responsible for attention and self-regulation may be linked to ADHD.

• Prematurity: Being born prematurely increases the risk of developing ADHD.

• Environmental exposure: Prenatal exposure to alcohol, nicotine, lead, or other toxins may increase the risk of developing ADHD.

How is ADHD diagnosed?

Diagnosing ADHD is a process with several steps.

1. Start by discussing your concerns with a pediatrician to determine if your child’s symptoms align with ADHD and whether further evaluation is needed.

2. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that healthcare providers gather information from parents, teachers, and other caregivers about the child's behavior in different settings, such as home, school, and social environments.

3. To confirm an ADHD diagnosis, symptoms must be present in more than one setting ( for example, home and school) and cause significant challenges in social, academic, or daily functioning. 

How is ADHD managed? ADHD Treatment 

Managing ADHD involves a combination of behavioral interventions and medication, tailored to the child’s age and needs.

• Preschool-aged children (4 to 5 years): Parent, teacher, and/or professional-administered behavior therapy.

• Older children (6+ years): Stimulant or non-stimulant medications, and/or behavior therapy. 

Parents can support children with ADHD by:

• Establishing a consistent daily routine

• Using positive reinforcement and reward systems

• Providing clear and concise instructions

• Creating a structured environment with minimal distractions

• Encouraging physical activity and regular exercise

• Collaborating with teachers and school staff to support the child's educational needs

• Seeking support from ADHD parent training programs.

When to consult a pediatrician

Consult a pediatrician if a child exhibits persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity that interfere with their academic, social, or family life. Early evaluation and intervention are important for effective management. 

If you have questions about ADHD in children, reach out to your local or Summer Health pediatrician for support. Summer Health is a pediatric telehealth platform offering 24/7 care, providing answers for everything from urgent concerns to everyday questions about your child’s health.