What are developmental milestones?

Developmental milestones are specific skills and behaviors most children reach by a particular age. Milestones track growth in physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development and are organized into three areas:

• Physical milestones: Gross motor skills (like walking or jumping) and fine motor skills (like picking up objects with fingers).

• Speech and language milestones: Understanding and using verbal and nonverbal language.

• Social and emotional milestones: Interacting with others, managing emotions, and building relationships.

Physical development milestones for two-year-olds

• Steady running

• Climb

• Kick a ball

• Jumping with both feet

Fine motor skills

• Stacking four to six blocks

• Turning pages in a book

• Using a spoon

• Drinking from an open cup

• Scribbling with crayons or markers

Social development milestones for two-year-olds

• Exhibit challenging behaviors like tantrums and defiance

• Copy others

• Engage in parallel play

• Show early signs of cooperative play

• Independence while seeking reassurance from caregivers

Cognitive development milestones for two-year-olds

• Pretend play

• Understand the concept of "two"

• Match shapes and colors

• Follow two-step instructions

Language development milestones for two-year-olds

• Speak in two to three-word phrases

• Use 50 to 100 words

• Point to objects or pictures when named

How to encourage milestone progression

• Gross motor: climbing on playground equipment, kicking a ball, and dancing.

• Fine motor: Coloring with crayons, molding playdough, stacking blocks, and practicing self-feeding.

• Social and emotional: Pretend play using dolls or stuffed animals and turn-taking games.

• Cognitive: Using shape sorters, playing matching games and puzzles, and reading books.

• Language: Ask questions, talk about objects in your home, narrate daily activities, and sing repetitive songs.

Sleep challenges for two-year-olds

• Bedtime refusal and resistance

• Night terrors

• Bedwetting

• Sleep regression

Potty training at two years

Potty training is a common milestone between two and three years. Watch for signs of readiness before starting potty training as starting too early can lead to frustration.

Signs of readiness include:

• Staying dry for a few hours

• Showing discomfort with dirty diapers

• Showing interest in using the potty

When potty training, use a child-sized toilet or toilet insert, offer plenty of praise when they sit on or use the potty, and keep the process stress-free. Accidents are part of learning, so avoid punishment and keep it positive.

Safety tips for two-year-olds

• Childproof your home by installing baby gates and electrical outlet covers, securing furniture, and keeping medicines, cleaning supplies, and small objects out of reach.

• Always supervise your toddler during play.

• Ensure they’re properly buckled into car seats and highchairs.

• Never leave your child unattended near water, including the bathtub, toilet, or pool.

• Teach your child basic safety rules like "stop" and "stay close," and help them understand how to avoid dangers like hot surfaces and electrical outlets.

Developmental progress

Every child is different and develops at their own pace. While developmental milestones provide general benchmarks, it's normal for children to reach them at different times. Some children excel in one area and take their time in others. Factors like temperament, family environment, and biology influence developmental progress. Instead of comparing your child to other children, focus on their patterns of progress.

When to consult your pediatrician

Contact your local or Summer Health pediatrician if your child:

• Misses multiple developmental milestones

• Shows a noticeable regression in skills (like losing language or motor abilities)

• Seems significantly delayed in areas such as speech, social interaction, or physical mobility

• Shows problems with hearing, vision, or overall health that could impact development

Your pediatrician will refer your child to a developmental specialist for evaluation and support if indicated.